Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is the most destructive disease worldwide. With the changes of climate and cultivation system, FHB epidemic area in China has extended from the reaches of Yangtze River to the north and west in winter wheat region since 2000. Wheat breeding for FHB resistance is an effective way to control the disease. Chinese wheat breeders commenced the research on FHB in 1950s. Sumai 3, Ning 7840, Yangmai 158, Ningmai 9 and other varieties with improved FHB resistance were developed through conventional breeding and widely applied in production or breeding programs. In addition to intervarietal cross, alien germplasms were used to improve FHB resistance of common wheat. Addition, substitution and translocation lines with alien chromosomes or chromosome fragments were created to enhance FHB resistance. Somaclonal variation was also used to develop FHB resistant variety. Shengxuan 3 and other varieties with moderate resistance to FHB were released by such methods. QTL for FHB resistance were characterized in varieties originated from China. The major QTL Fhb1 was identified on chromosome 3BS in Sumai 3, Ning 894037, Wangshuibai and other Chinese resistant sources. Diagnostic molecular markers for Fhb1 was applied in wheat breeding. The breeding lines with improved FHB resistance and desirable agronomic traits were obtained. However, breeding for FHB resistance is a long term task, new technologies are likely to increase the efficiency of this process and better FHB resistance of new varieties are expected to be achieved within next decade.