abstract
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Wheat is the most sensitive major crop to ozone (O3) pollution in ambient air. Because it is the most phytotoxic air pollutant, O3 reduces global wheat production by 63 million tons annually. In addition, O3 increases wheat susceptibility to wheat leaf and stem rusts. Breeding O3-tolerant varieties has been proposed for decades as the most feasible solution. However, to date, this goal is yet to be attempted. Here we report on the first breeding line showing consistent above-ambient O3hormesis. Biomass and kernel yield results, in three different ozone exposure systems, showed that winter wheat breeding line "MD01W28-08-11" is tolerant to O3. The experiments included two seasons in out-door plant environment chambers (OPEC), three seasons in open-top chambers (OTC), and two seasons in air-exclusion system (AES). When exposed to O3 (15-120 ppb) in the three exposure systems, MD01W28-08-11 showed increased yield at near-ambient (50 ppb) and aboveambient (70 ppb) levels, in addition to uncompromising yield 90-120 ppb, which mimics common above ambient levels in China and India. These findings suggests that MD01W28-08-11 is a good source of O3 tolerance. Because MD01W28-08-11 is also resistant to rust races in the Ug99 lineage, it was used as a parent to develop a doubled haploid (DH) population. The 280 DH lines were phenotyped for rust resistance, O3-tolerance and high yield. Results suggest the potential for simultaneous breeding for all three traits to develop resilient wheat varieties. This is the world's first breeding effort to combat the serious impacts of O3 on wheat production and global food security.