abstract
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Doubled haploids (DH) allow complete homozygosity in one generation from heterozygous wheat plants, which has been widely used to develop mapping populations and accelerate the process of breeding. Haploid embryos/tissues also reduce the genomic complexity of wheat for gene editing. Wide cross between wheat and maize has been a main approach for producing wheat DHs. Temperate climate at Kunming allows to plant spring and vernalized winter wheat materials throughout the year under natural conditions, thus wheat and maize can be crossed from April to December, by which we set up an efficient protocol for mass production of wheat DHs with average embryo formation frequency at 30% (15%-70%), seedling formation frequency at 65% (50%-80%) and chromosome doubled rate at 70% (50%-90%). The protocol was verified in production of more than 100,000 DHs with about 1,500 wheat genotypes of winter and spring types from 34 institutions of China, as well as German, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Egypt. Since 2014, the DH technique has been fully applied in our breeding program, two cultivars were released and 24 elite thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterile lines were developed for hybrid wheat breeding. We also developed 53 DH populations for different institutions of China for genetic researches. Currently, pyramiding/design breeding, population improvement, wide cross, and marker assisted selection coupled with DH technique are more and more used to efficiently develop new germplasms and cultivars. In addition, the protocol has been improving for higher efficiency and lower cost, as well as more extensive application in wheat breeding.