Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) is one of the World’s oldest domesticated crops and harbors a potentially rich reservoir of agronomic and nutritional quality traits variation. The growing global demand in field crop based-health-food niche market promotes new commercial interest in ancient grains including Emmer wheat. Although T. dicoccum can perform well also under harsh environments, its cultivation along the Mediterranean agro-ecosystems is sparse. Here, we analyze a unique tetraploid wheat collection (n=121) representing a wide geographic range of Emmer accessions, using DArTseq and on-field characterization to quantify the extent of genetic and phenotypic diversity among populations and the interactions between eco-geographic, genetic, and phenotypic attributes. Population genomic inferences based on DArTseq diversity indicated separation into four distinguished clusters in accordance to accessions eco-geographic origin. D1 cluster was mainly modern durum wheat, D2 cluster accession from the Mediterranean area, D3 mainly from Ethiopia (>80%) and D4 from northern and western countries. Significant phenotypic variation was observed within as well as between clusters. Superior early vegetative vigor, shorter plant height, and early phenology were observed among Emmer wheat accessions from Ethiopia (D3) compared to accessions from northern regions. Those phenotypic traits are necessary to suit to Mediterranean climate. Eight superior accessions from D3 cluster were selected for further field examination at three environment (compared to two modern durum wheat check). We found high positive correlation between early vigor and yield (r=0.68) and plant height (r=0.67). Negative correlation detects between heading time and yield (r=-0.63) and plant height (r=-0.68). Moreover, at testing the superiority index of the yield (Pi, examine the yield's stability, low value high stability) among environments, there was some lines with high stability of the yield. The superiority index was negatively correlated to phenology (r=-0.39), a key trait in Mediterranean climate. This adaptive advantage highlights Emmer potential as exotic germplasm for wheat improvement through breeding. The direct integration of such germplasm in-to conventional or organic farming agro systems under Mediterranean conditions is also discussed and with high potential for available profit for the grower.