abstract
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Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. spp durum) shows diversity for morphological characteristics such as awn and glume colour. Black and white awns are common, while black and red glume colour are less common in modern breeding programs. Red glumes are generally culled from breeding materials because of a linkage with weak gluten. Black awns can be a nuisance in final purification of seed of new cultivars because the expression of awn colour may be indistinct in some environments. Therefore, markers for the colour traits would be useful to facilitate seed purification and to eliminate undesirable glume colours prior to trialing of breeding populations. A Gallareta/Demetra doubled haploid population (Gallareta black awns and white glumes and Demetra red awns and glumes) was screened with the wheat 90K Infinium iSelect array, and 6193 single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs) were used to construct a genetic map comprising 15 linkage groups. Phenotypic segregation ratios fit the expectation of single gene control of black awn and red glumes, as previously published. Awn colour was localized to the 1-2 cM region of chromosome 1A. Six SNP markers co-segregated with awn colour. The markers were then validated in a breeding panel of purified breeding lines and Canadian cultivars, and a diversity panel of Canadian and global lines. Awn colour of all but four of 187 breeding panel lines was consistently predicted by the six SNPs. These four lines shared the same haplotype across the six SNPs; however, one (Coulter) had black awns, while the other three breeding lines expressed white awns. Four of the six SNPs were scored in the diversity panel, and awn colour of 73 of the 74 lines was reliably predicted. The one exception was a whiteawned line (Colosseo) scored correctly by only one SNP. Red glume co-segregated with SNP markers in the region of 1-2 cM on chromosome 1B, consistent for all but two of the 127 Gallareta/Demetra lines. Glume colour was associated with gluten index: white glume lines averaged 62% (range 15-99) compared to 42% (range 7-77) for red lines. Indeed, several of the SNPs associated with glume colour were also significantly associated (P<10-20) with gluten index. A KASP marker derived from one of the SNPS was tested in the breeding panel, correctly identifying all seven known red glume lines. Markers developed from these SNPs should be useful in final purification of seed of new cultivars, and selection against red glume colour.