Aphids are phloem-sucking insects that are a major constraint for wheat productivity. If not controlled they can reduce yield up to 30-40% solely due to direct feeding, and up to 60% when they transmit viral diseases. These insects are controlled mainly by chemical means, which increase production costs, and when used indiscriminately, negatively affect the environment and non-targeted organisms. Due to these issues, legislation in some countries has changed to restrict the use of insecticides. Furthermore, when farmers have limited or no access to insecticides, wheat crop can remain uncontrolled and hence the risk of yield losses increases. Alternatively, the deployment of host plant resistance (HPR) contributes to the reduction of insecticide use, and consequently to minimize negative effects on the environment and human health, while protecting yield. HPR is a backbone component of integrated pest management, which sustainable crop production should be based on. Hence, the Bread Wheat Improvement team at CIMMYT has started efforts to breed for aphid resistance to contribute to yield protection and the ecological management of these pests. We conducted phenotypic evaluations on more than 1,230 lines, to determine the resistance against two important aphid species, namely, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and Rhopalosiphum padi L. The germlasm is derived from synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), wild relatives, and landraces and includes elite germplasm. The SHW derived germplasm showed to be a source of high resistance levels against S. graminum. Genetic studies (QTL and GWAS) we conducted indicate that chromosome 7DL is responsible for a strong resistance effect against this insect. However, other unreported regions on chromosomes 2B, 3A and 7B appear to have a minor contribution to the genetic variation of the trait. Additionally we tested two molecular markers, linked to the 7DL resistance gene in a set of 463 SHW derived lines that are candidates to be distributed in CIMMYT’s international nurseries. Results indicate that 2% of the selected lines carry the 7DL gene. These lines have the potential to be released as varieties in places where S. graminum is a serious problem. We found wide phenotypic variation for resistance to R. padi in all germplasm, however, the molecular analysis suggest that the genetic architecture of R. padi resistance is complex, possibly due to its polyphagous nature. The identified resistant sources to both aphids are currently used to transfer this trait in elite germplasm through molecular and conventional approaches.